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This is picture 2 Cells in chronic allergic inflammation, repetitive or persistent exposure to allergens has several effects. Innate immune cells (including eosinophils, basophils,
neutrophils and monocyte–macrophage lineage cells) and adaptive immune cells (including TH2 cells, other types of T cells, and B cells) take up residence in the tissues. In addition, more mast cells develop in the
tissue, and these cells display large amounts of IgE bound to Fcalt epsilonRI and have an altered anatomical distribution. Last, complex interactions are initiated between recruited and tissue-resident innate and
adaptive immune cells, epithelial cells and structural cells (such as fibroblasts, myofibroblasts and airway smooth muscle cells) and blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, and nerves. Repetitive epithelial injury due
to chronic allergic inflammation can be exacerbated by exposure to pathogens or environmental factors, and the consequent repair response results in an epithelial–mesenchymal trophic unit being established.
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